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Takaitaccen Tarihin Imam Abu Hanifa |
Al-Numan bin Thabit, wanda aka fi sani da Abu Hanifah ko Abu Hanifa, ana daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya assasa daya daga cikin mazhabobi hudu ko manhajojin ilimin shari'a na Musulunci (Fiqh) a cikin mazhabobin Sunna. Kuma ana kiransa da Al-Imam Al-Aẓam (Babban Imam) da Siraj Al-Aimma (Fitilar Imamai).
Haihuwa
A bisa mafi yawan madogara, an haifi Abu Hanifa Al-Numan bin Thabit bin Zuṭa bin Marzuban a birnin Kufa na kasar Iraki a shekara ta 80 bayan hijira (699 MIladiyya). Mahaifinsa mutumin Farisa ne wato Thabit Ibn Zauta Al-Farisi. Duk da cewa akwai wasu ruwayoyi da suke karo da juna dangane da nasabar iyalan Imam, amma ta tabbata cewa shi ba Balarabe ba ne, sai dai yana daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan kasuwar Farisa.
Lokacin da aka haifi Imam, gwamnatin Musulunci tana hannun Abdul Malik bin Marwan (Sarkin Banu Umayyad na 5).
A cewar wasu majiyoyi, ya samu lakabin “Abu Hanifa” ne saboda ya kasance wanda ya himmantu ga bautar Allah kuma yana da himma a cikin addini domin kalmar “Hanifi” a yaren Larabci yana nufin “mai karkata ”zuwa ga addinin gaskiya.
Farkon Rayuwarsa:
Majiyoyin ba su ambaci rayuwar mahaifinsa ba amma tabbas ya kasance mai arziki, dan kasuwa, kuma musulmin kirki. A mafi yawan litattafai an bayyana cewa mahaifinsa ya hadu da Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) yana yaro kuma kakan Imam ya baiwa Ali (AS) wani faludhaj (Wani Abinci ne mai dadi na mutanen Farisa) a ranar Nawruz (Sabuwar Shekarar Farisa). Wannan yana nuni da cewa iyalan Imam sun kasance masu arziki tunda har suka iya ba wa Ali (AS) kayan zaki wanda masu hannu da shuni ne kawai ke ci.
Abu Hanifa ya taso ne a garinsu na Kufa kuma ya yi karatu a can kuma ya rayu a mafi yawan rayuwarsa a can in ban da aikin hajji na lokaci-lokaci (Hajji) da ziyarar ilimi a Makka da Madina da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi. A Karkashin jagorancin mahaifinsa Abu Hanifa ya haddace Alqur'ani. Ya girma a Kufa, da farko yana dalibi, sannan dan kasuwa, sannan daga karshe kuma ya zama malami kuma masani kan ilimin fikihu (fiqhu).
Imam Abu Hanifa ya bi sana’ar Iyayensa (kasuwancin siliki) da sauri ya yi suna saboda gaskiya da adalci. Akwai labarai da yawa game da rayuwarsa a matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa kuma duk waɗannan labarun suna ambaton cewa tun kafin ya karanta shari'a (fiqhu) yana da kyawawan dabi'u, zuciya mai kirki, dabi'a mai gaskiya, da hali mai karimci.
Neman Iliminsa:
Abu Hanifa ya fara sadaukar da kansa ga karatun tauhidi (kalam). Bayan ya karanci ilimin tauhidi, Abu Hanifa ya ci gaba da karatun ilimin shari'a na Musulunci (fiqhu) a Kufa wanda ake ganin ita ce cibiyar mashahuran malaman fiqhu. Abu Hanifa ya yi karatun fiqhu a wajen Hammad Ibn Sulaiman, wanda ya fi kowa ilimi a lokacin. Abu Hanifa ya kasance kullum yana karanta littafin Hammad Ibn Sulaiman tsakanin Magriba da Isha kuma duk lokacin da ya samu hutu yakan tafi gidan Hammad.
Hammad ya kasance malamin Abu Hanifa na tsawon shekaru 18. Bayan rasuwar Hammad Ibn Sulaiman, malaman Madarasah na Kufa sun yi ittifaqi akan nada Abu Hanifa a matsayin shugaban Madrasah (Magajin Malam Hammad Ibn Sulaiman).
Imam Abu Hanifa bai nisanci sauran fagagen Ilmi ba. Ya kware A sauran fannonin Ilimin Musulunci.
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Kufa da Basrah, Abu Hanifa ya tafi Makkah da Madina a matsayin cibiyar koyarwar addinin Musulunci. A Makka ya koyi hadisi daga Ata Ibn Rabah wanda yake dalibin Abdullahi bn Abbas (RA). Ya tarbiyyantar da Abu Hanifa cikin kulawa.
Kimanin malamai 4000 ne suka koyar da Imam Abu Hanifa. Daga cikinsu, kamar yadda madogara daban-daban suka ruwaito, bakwai akwai Sahabbai [Sahabban Annabi (SAW)}, casa’in da uku da Tabi’ai (Sahabban Sahabbai). Da sauran kuma daga Tabi’id-taba'una (sahabban Tabi’ai). A takaice dai Ba a san takamaiman adadin malaman Abu Hanifah ba saboda ya yi balaguro zuwa garuruwa daban-daban don neman ilimin addini. Ya yi Aikin Hajji sau 55.
Wasu Da Cikin Malaman Imam Abu Hanifa:
Kamar yadda akasarin malamansa a lokacin malamai ne Tabi’ai da Tabi’id-taba'una sun hada da:
1. Abdullahi bin Masud (Kufa)
3. Ibrahim Al-Nakhai
4. Amir bin Al-Shabi
5. Imam Hammad bn Sulaiman
6. Imam Ata Ibn Rabah
8. Qatada Ibn Al-Numan
10. Rabiah bin Abu Abdurrahman
Da sauran malamai da dama.
Daliban Imam Abu Hanifa:
Imam Abu Hanifa yana da dubban dalibai. Daliban Imam Abu Hanifa 28 ne suka zama alkalai a garuruwa da Birane da larduna daban-daban sannan takwas sun zama Imamai. Ga wasu daga cikin daliban Imam Abu Hanifa:
1. Imam Abu Yusuf
2. Imam Muhammad bin Hasan a matsayin Shaybani
3. Imam Zufar
4. Imam Malik bin Mughwal
5. Imam Dawud Taaee
6. Imam Mandil bin Ali
7. Imam Nadhar bin Abdul Kareem
8. Imam Amr bin Maymoon
9. Imam Hiban bin Ali
10. Imam Abu Ismah
11. Imam Zuhayr bin Mu'awiyah.
12. Imam Hasan bin Ziyad
Ayyukan Imam Abu Hanifa:
Wasu daga cikin littafan da Imam Abu Hanifa ya rubuta kai tsaye sun hada da:
1. Al-Fiqhu al-Akbar
2. Kitab al-Raddala al-Qadariyyah
3. Al-Aalim wa al-Mutallim
4. Al-Fiqh al-Absat
5. Kitab Ikhtilaf al-Sahaba
6. Kitab al-Jami
7. Al-Kitab al-Awsat
8. Kitab al-Sayr
9. Risalah Abu Hanifa ila Uthman al-Baiti
10. Wasiyyah al-Imam Abu Hanifa fi al-Tauhidi.
Da sauran malamai da dama
Ganawar sa da Sahabbai:
An yi ittifaqi baki daya cewa Imam Abu Hanifa yana cikin Tabi'ai. Akwai maganganu daban-daban dangane da adadin Sahabban Annabi Muhammad (SAW) da Imam Abu Hanifa ya gani. Sai dai an tabbatar da cewa Imam Abu Hanifa ya gana da wasu daga cikin Sahabban Manzon Allah (SAW) wadanda suke a lokacin.
Wasu Sahabbai da ya gana da su sun hada da:
1. Anas bn Malik (RA) a Basra
2. Abu Tufail bn Waasila (RA) a Makkah
3. Abdullahi Ibn Abu Awfa (RA) a Kufa
4. Suhayl bn Saad Saidi (RA) a Madina.
Abu Hanifa da Khalifofi / Khalifa:
Yayin da Abu Hanifa ya kara ilimi, ya kafa mabiya a cikin talakawa, ya kuma samu suna na ilimi da adalci, sai ya jawo hankalin halifofi ko (Shugaban Musulmi na farar hula da na addini). Abin takaici, alakar Abu Hanifa da halifofi da suke tafiyar da daular Musulunci ta kasance mara kyau, da mafi muni yayin da rayuwar Halifa ta bunkasa, sai suka rika neman halifa da tuhume-tuhume saboda sun nisanta kansu da talakawa.
An bai wa Imam Abu Hanifa mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da Babban Ma'aji, da Babban Alkali (Qadhi) daga hannun Khalifa Marwan bin Muhammad ta hanyar gwamnan lardin Iraki Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazar amma Abu Hanifa ya ki yarda da duk wadannan tayin. A shekara ta 763, Abu Jafar Abdullah bn Mohammad Al-Mansur, mai mulki/Khalifa a lokacin, ya baiwa Imam Abu Hanifa mukamin Qadi (Babban Alkalin gwamnati), amma Imam ya ki amincewa da tayin saboda Abu Hanifa ya san idan ya zama alkali, ba zai taba iya zartar da hukunci na gaskiya ba domin halifa zai matsa masa ya yanke hukunci bisa son ransa. A cikin wasikar sa ta kin amincewa da ya rubuta wa Mohammad Al-Mansur, Abu Hanifa ya ce bai cancanci mukamin ba. Al-Mansur wanda yake da nasa ra'ayi da dalilansa na mika masa wannan mukami, ya fusata ya kuma zargi Abu Hanifa da karya .
Imam Abu Hanifa ya ce:
"Idan karya nake yi, to ta yaya za ku nada makaryaci a matsayin babban alkalin alkalan kasa (Qadhi)?"
Daurinsa da Mutuwarsa:
Martanin Abu Hanifa bai yiwa Mohammad Al-Mansur dadi ba don haka a wani lokaci wajen shekara ta 146 bayan hijira (768 MIladiyya) aka yankewa Abu Hanifa hukuncin dauri da bulala. An ce ana fitar da Imam kowace rana ana yi masa bulala goma har sai an yi masa bulala 110.
Ya rasu yana da shekaru 70 a duniya, sakamakon wulakanci da aka yi masa a gidan yari ko watakila an shayar da shi guba, a Bagadaza a wani lokaci a wajen shekara ta 150 bayan hijira (767 MIladiyya).
An ce Imam Abu Hanifa ya rasu yana mai sujada (Sajda) – Subhanallah.
Sallar Jana'izarsa da Wurin Jana'izarsa:
Ya rasu a Bagadaza aka binne shi a can. Ba da daɗewa ba labarin mutuwarsa ya bazu a Bagadaza. Duk garin sun fito don yin mubaya'a ga babban Limamin shari'ar Musulunci. An ce mutane da dama sun halarci Sallar Jana'izarsa (Sallar Jana'iza) har sau shida aka yi jana'izar sama da mutane 50,000 da suka taru kafin a binne shi. An kuma ce mutane sun ci gaba da taruwa a kowace rana kusan mako guda don gabatar da sallar jana'iza. Dansa Hammad ne ya jagoranci Jana'izarsa.
An binne gawar Imam Abu Hanifa a makabartar Al-Khayzaran ta birnin Bagadaza. A yau wurin da aka binne shi ana kiransa da sunan gundumar Al-Adamiyah da ke arewacin Bagadaza na kasar Iraki.
Masallacin Abu Hanifa, wanda aka fi sani da Jamia Imam Al-Azam, daya ne daga cikin fitattun masallatan Ahlus-Sunnah a birnin Bagadaza na kasar Iraki. An gina shi ne a kusa da makabartar (kabari) Imam Abu Hanifa.
'Ya'yansa:
Ba a san cikakken bayanin ‘ya’yan imam Abu Hanifa ba, amma abin da ya tabbata shi ne yana da, mai suna Hammad.
Hammad ya rasu a shekara ta 176 MIladiyya. Ya haifi 'ya'ya hudu, Omar, Ismail, Abu Hayyan da Uthamn. Isma'il jikan Imam Abu Hanifa, ya yi suna sosai yayin da Khalifa Haroon al-Rasheed ya nada shi Qadhi (alkali) a birnin Basra.
